This Article Abstract Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Knutson, J. F. Articles by Reid, J. B. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Knutson, J. F. Articles by Reid, J. B. Social Bookmarking                   What's this?

Care Neglect, Supervisory Neglect, and Harsh Parenting in the Development of Children’s Aggression: A Replication and Extension

University of Iowa, john-knutson{at}uiowa.edu

David DeGarmo

Oregon Social Learning Center

Gina Koeppl

University of Iowa

John B. Reid

Oregon Social Learning Center

To understand the effects of neglectful parenting, poor supervision, and punitive parenting in the development of children’s aggression, 218 children ages 4 to 8 years who were disadvantaged and their mothers were recruited from two states to develop a sample that was diverse with respect to degree of urbanization and ethnicity. Multimethod and multisource indices of the predictive constructs (Social Disadvantage, Denial of Care Neglect, Supervisory Neglect, and Punitive Discipline) and the criterion construct (Aggression) were used in a test of a theoretical model using structural equation modeling. The results established the role of care neglect, supervisory neglect, and punitive parenting as mediators of the role of social disadvantage in the development of children’s aggression, the importance of distinguishing between two subtypes of neglect, and the need to consider the role of discipline in concert with neglect when attempting to understand the parenting in the development of aggression.

Key Words: children’s aggression • care neglect • supervisory neglect • punitive discipline

References

• Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Teacher’s Report Form and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: Department of Psychology, University of Vermont.
• Achenbach, T. M. (1992). Revised Child Behavior Checklist. Burlington: University of Vermont.
• Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.
• Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. Burlington: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.
• Arbuckle, J. L. (1996). Full information estimation in the presence of incomplete data. In G. A. Marcoulides & R. E. Schumaker (Eds.), Advanced structural equation modeling: Issues and techniques (pp. 243-277). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Averill, J. R. (1982). Anger and aggression: An essay on emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag.
• Bank, L., & Burraston, B. (2001). Abusive home environments as predictors of poor adjustment during adolescence and early adulthood. Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 195-217.[CrossRef]
• Bolger, K. E., Patterson, C. J., & Kupersmidt, J. B. (1998). Peer relationships and self-esteem among children who have been mal-treated. Child Development, 69, 1171-1197.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Bornstein, M. H., & Bradley, R. H. (2003). Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development. Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Brody, G. H. (2003). Parental monitoring: Action and reaction. In A. C. Crouter & A. Booth (Eds.), Children’s influence on family dynamics: The neglected side of family relationships (pp. 163-169). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G. J., & Maritato, N. (1997). Poor families, poor outcomes: The well-being of children and youth. In G. J. Duncan & J. Brooks-Gunn (Eds.), Consequences of growing up poor (pp. 1-17). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
• Byrne, B. M. (1989). A primer for LISREL: Basic applications and programming for confirmatory factor analytic models. New York: Springer-Verlag.
• Caldwell, B. M., & Bradley, R. H. (1978). Home observation and measurement of the environment. Little Rock: University of Arkansas Press.
• Capaldi, D. M. (2003). Parental monitoring: Action and reaction. In A. C. Crouter & A. Booth (Eds.), Children’s influence on family dynamics: The neglected side of family relationships (pp. 171-179). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Clement, P., & Richard, R. (1976). Identifying reinforcers for children: A children’s reinforcement survey. In E. Mash & R. Terdal (Eds.), Behavior therapy assessment: Diagnosis, design and evaluation (pp. 207-216). New York: Springer.
• Conger, R., Patterson, G. R., & Ge, X. (1995). It takes two to replicate: A mediational model for the impact of parents’ stress on adolescent adjustment. Child Development, 66, 80-97.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., & Elder, G. H. J. (1997). Family economic hardship and adolescent adjustment: Mediating and moderating processes. In G. J. Duncan & J. Brooks-Gunn (Eds.), Consequences of growing up poor (pp. 288-310). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
• DeGarmo, D. S., & Forgatch, M. S. (2004). Putting problem solving to the test: Replicating experimental interventions for preventing youngsters’ problem behaviors. In R. D. Conger, F. O. Lorenz, & K. A. S. Wickrama (Eds.), Continuity and change in family relations: Theory, methods, and empirical findings (pp. 267-290). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
• DeGarmo, D. S., Forgatch, M. S., & Martinez, C. R. J. (1999). Parenting of divorced mothers as a link between social status and boys’ academic outcomes: Unpacking the effects of SES. Child Development, 70(5), 1231-1245.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• DeMaster, B. R., Reid, J. B., & Twentyman, C. (1976). The effects of different amounts of feedback on observers’ reliability. Behavior Therapy, 8, 317-329.[CrossRef]
• Dishion, T. J., & McMahon, R. J. (1998). Parental monitoring and the prevention of child and adolescent problem behavior: A conceptual and empirical formulation. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1, 61-75.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Dishion, T. J., Patterson, G. R., & Greisler, P. C. (1994). Peer adaptation in the development of antisocial behavior. In. L. R. Huesmann (Ed.), Aggressive behavior: Current perspectives (pp. 61-95). New York: Plenum.
• Dishion, T. J., Patterson, G. R., & Kavanagh, K. A. (1992). An experimental test of the coercion model: Linking theory, measurement, and intervention. In J. McCord & R. Tremblay (Eds.), The interaction of theory and practice: Experimental studies of interventions (pp. 253-282). New York: Guilford.
• Dishion, T. J., Spracklen, K. M., Andrews, D. W., & Patterson, G. R. (1996). Deviancy training in male adolescent friendships. Behavior Therapy, 27, 373-390.[CrossRef]
• Dodge, K. A., Laird, R., Lochman, J. E., & Zelli, A. (2002). Multidimensional latent-construct analysis of children’s social information processing patterns: Correlations with aggressive behavior problems. Psychological Assessment, 14, 60-73.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Dong, M., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Williamson, D. F., Thompson, T. J., et al. (2004). The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Child Abuse and Neglect, 28, 771-784.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2000). Family poverty, welfare reform, and child development. Child Development, 71, 188-196.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Duncan, G. J., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Klebanov, P. K. (1994). Economic deprivation and early childhood development. Child Development, 65, 296-319.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Eckenrode, J., Laird, M., & Doris, J. (1993). School performance and disciplinary problems among abused and neglected children. Developmental Psychology, 29, 53-62.
• Evans, G. W. (2004). The environment of childhood poverty. American Psychologist, 59, 77-92.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Flango, C. R. (1988). State courts’ jurisdiction and terminology for child abuse and neglect cases. Williamsburg, VA, National Center for State Courts.
• Giovannoni, J. (1985, November 10). Overview of issues on child neglect. In Child Neglect Monograph: Proceedings from a symposium (pp. 1-6). Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services, Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information.
• Greenwald, R. L., Bank, L., Reid, J. B., & Knutson, J. F. (1997). A discipline-mediated model of excessively punitive parenting. Aggressive Behavior, 23, 259-280.[CrossRef]
• Hall, L. (1986). Parent awareness of children’s activities and preferences. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
• Hanson, T. L., McLanahan, S., & Thomson, E. (1997). Economic resources, parental practices, and children’s well-being. In G. J. Duncan & J. Brooks-Gunn (Eds.), Consequences of growing up poor (pp. 190-238). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
• Hayes, L., Hudson, A., & Matthews, J. (2003). Parental monitoring: A process model of the parent-adolescent interaction. Behavior Change, 20, 13-24.[CrossRef]
• Hayes, L., Hudson, A., & Matthews, J. (2004). Parental monitoring behaviors: A model of rules, supervision, and conflict. Behavior Therapy, 35, 587-604.[CrossRef]
• Hegar, R. L., & Yungman, J. J. (1989). Toward a causal typology of child neglect. Child and Youth Services Review, 11, 203-220.[CrossRef]
• Henry, B., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1996). Temperamental and familial predictors of violent and nonviolent criminal convictions: Age 3 to age 18. Developmental Psychology, 32, 614-623.
• Jaffee, S. R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Taylor, A. (2004). Physical maltreatment victim to antisocial child: Evidence of an environmentally mediated process. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 44-55.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Jastak Associates. (1993). Wide Range Achievement Test. Wilmington, DE: Wide Range.
• Kendall-Tackett, K. A., & Eckenrode, J. (1996). The effects of neglect on academic achievement and disciplinary problems: A developmental perspective. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20, 161-169.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2000). What parents know, how they know it, and several forms of adolescent adjustment: Further support for a reinterpretation of monitoring. Developmental Psychology, 36, 366-380.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2003). Parenting of adolescents: Action or reaction? In A. C. Crouter & A. Booth (Eds.), Children’s influence on family dynamics: The neglected side of family relationships (pp. 121-151) Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Kerr, M., Stattin, H., & Trost, K. (1999). To know you is to trust you: Parents’ trust is rooted in child disclosure of information. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 737-752.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Knutson, J. F., & Bower, M. E. (1994). Physically abusive parenting as an escalated aggressive response. In M. Potegal & J.F. Knutson (Eds.), The escalation of aggression in dyads and groups: Biological and social processes (pp. 195-225). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Knutson, J. F., DeGarmo, D. S., & Reid, J. B. (2004). Social disadvantage and neglectful parenting as precursors to the development of antisocial and aggressive child behavior: Testing a theoretical model. Aggressive Behavior, 30, 187-205.[CrossRef]
• Knutson, J. F., & Schartz, H. A. (1997). Physical abuse and neglect of children. In T. A. Widiger, A. J. Frances, H. A. Pincus, R. Ross, M. B. First, & W. Davis (Eds.), DSM-IV sourcebook (Vol. 3, pp. 713-804) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press.
• Laing, J. A., & Sines, J. O. (1982). The Home Environment Questionnaire: An instrument for assessing several behavioral relevant dimensions of children’s environments. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 7, 424-449.
• Leventhal, T., Selner-O’Hagan, M. B., Brooks-Gunn, J., Bingenheimer, J. B., & Earls, F. J. (2004). The homelife interview from the project on human development in Chicago neighborhoods: Assessment of parenting and home environment for 3- to 15-year-olds. Parenting: Science & Practice, 4, 211-241.
• Loevinger, J. (1956). Objective tests as instruments of psychological theory. Psychological Reports, 3, 635-694.
• Manly, J. T., Cicchetti, D., & Barnett, D. (1994). The impact of sub-type, frequency, chronicity, and severity of child maltreatment on social competence and behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 121-143.
• Meehl, P. E. (1978). Theoretical risks and tabular asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald, and the slow progress of soft psychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 806-834.[CrossRef]
• McLanahan, S. S., & Sandefur, G. (1994). Growing up with a single parent. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• McLoyd, V. (1998). Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American Psychologist, 53, 185-204.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Murray, K. T., & Sines, J. O. (1996). Parsing the genetic and nongenetic variance in children’s depressive behavior. Journal of Affective Disorders, 38, 23-34.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• National Research Council. (1993). Understanding child abuse and neglect. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
• Office of Human Development Services. (1981). National Study of the Incidence and Severity of Child Abuse and Neglect. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
• Office of Human Development Services. (1988). Study findings: Study of national incidence and prevalence of child abuse and neglect: 1988. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
• Owens, E. B., Shaw, D. S., & Vondra, J. I. (1998). Relations between infant irritability and maternal responsiveness in low-income families. Infant Behavior and Development, 21(4), 761-777.[CrossRef]
• Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia.
• Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). Antisocial boys. Eugene, OR: Castalia.
• Patterson, G. R., & Yoerger, K. (1999). Intraindividual growth in covert antisocial behavior: A necessary precursor to chronic and adult arrests? Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 9, 24-38.
• Peterson, L., Ewigman, B., & Kivlahan, C. (1993). Judgments regarding appropriate child supervision to prevent injury: The role of environmental risk and child age. Child Development, 64, 934-950.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Meece, D. W. (1999). The impact of after-school peer contact on early adolescent externalizing problems is moderated by parental monitoring, perceived neighborhood safety, and prior adjustment. Child Development, 70, 768-778.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Rusby, J. C., Estes, A., & Dishion, T. (1991). The Interpersonal Process Code (IPC). Eugene: Oregon Social Learning Center.
• Rutter, M., Pickles, A., Murray, R., & Eaves, L. (2001). Testing hypotheses on specific environmental causal effects on behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3), 291-324.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Sedlak, A. J., & Broadhurst, D. D. (1996). Third national incidence study of child abuse and neglect: Final report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect.
• Selner, M. E. (1992). The role of childhood sensationseeking and parental supervision in the emergence of childhood psychopathology. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
• Selner, M. E., & Knutson, J. F. (1990, May 3). The development of the Children’s Experience and Excitement Scale. Paper presented at the Midwestern Psychological Association Meeting, Chicago.
• Shaw, D. S., Winslow, E. B., Owens, E. B., Vondra, J. I., Cohn, J. F., & Bell, R. Q. (1998). The development of early externalizing problems among children from low-income families: A transformational perspective. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26(2), 95-107.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2001). Parental maltreatment and emotional dysregulation as risk factors for bullying and victimization in middle childhood. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 349-363.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Sines, J. O., Clarke, W. M., & Lauer, R. M. (1984). Home Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 12, 519-529.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Spielberger, C. D., Jacobs, G. A., Russell, S., & Crane, R. (1983). Assessment of anger: The State-Trait Anger Scale. In J. N. Butcher & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 2, pp. 52-71). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., Harris, E., Hanish, L., Fabes, R. A., Kupanoff, K., et al. (2004). The relation of children’s everyday nonsocial peer play behavior to their emotionality, regulation, and social functioning. Developmental Psychology 40, 67-80.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Steinberg, L., Lamborn, S. D., Darling, N., Mounts, N. S., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1994). Over-time changes in adjustment and competence among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 65, 754-770.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Sternberg, K. J., Knutson, J. F., Lamb, M. E., Bradaran, L. P., Nolan, C., & Flanzer, S. (2004). The Child Maltreatment Log: A PC-based program for describing research samples. Child Maltreatment, 9, 30-48.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Sullivan, P. M., & Knutson, J. F. (1998). The association between child maltreatment and disabilities in a hospital-based pediatric sample. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22, 271-288.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Sullivan, P. M., & Knutson, J. F. (2000). Maltreatment and disabilities: A population-based epidemiological study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 1257-1274.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Trocmé, N. (1996). Development and preliminary evaluation of the Ontario Child Neglect Index. Child Maltreatment, 1, 145-155.[Abstract]
• Turner, R. J., & Wheaton, B. (1995). Checklist measurement of stressful life events. In S. Cohen, R. C. Kessler, & L. U. Gordon (Eds.), Measuring stress: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 29-57). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Tymchuk, A. J., Lang, C. M., Dolyniuk, C. A., Berney-Ficklin, K., & Spitz, R. (1999). The Home Inventory of Dangers and Safety Precautions-2: Addressing critical needs for prescriptive assessment devices in child maltreatment and in healthcare. Child Abuse and Neglect, 23, 1-14.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children Youth, and Families. (2001). Child maltreatment 1999. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children Youth, and Families. (2002). Child maltreatment 2000. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
• Viermö, V. (1996). Factors in childhood that predict later criminal behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 87-97.
• Widom, C. S. (1998). Child victims: Searching for opportunities to break the cycle of violence. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 7, 225-234.[CrossRef]
• Wothke, W. (2000). Longitudinal and multi-group modeling with missing data. In T. D. Little, K. U. Schnabel, & J. Baumert (Eds.), Modeling longitudinal and multiple group data: Practical issues, applied approaches, and specific examples (pp. 269-281). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Zaidi, L. Y., Knutson, J. F., & Mehm, J. G. (1989). Transgenerational patterns of abusive parenting: Analog and clinical tests. Aggressive Behavior, 15, 137-152.
• Zuravin, S. J. (1999). Child neglect: A review of definitions and measurement research. In H. Dubowitz (Ed.), Neglected children: Research, practice, and policy (pp. 24-46). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

CiteULike

Connotea

Del.icio.us

Digg

Reddit

Technorati

This article has been cited by other articles:

				N. L. Shay and J. F. Knutson Maternal Depression and Trait Anger as Risk Factors for Escalated Physical Discipline Child Maltreat, February 1, 2008; 13(1): 39 - 49. [Abstract] [PDF]

				V. Lee and P. N. S. Hoaken Cognition, Emotion, and Neurobiological Development: Mediating the Relation Between Maltreatment and Aggression Child Maltreat, August 1, 2007; 12(3): 281 - 298. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. Theodore, D. Runyan, and J. J. Chang Measuring the Risk of Physical Neglect in a Population-Based Sample Child Maltreat, February 1, 2007; 12(1): 96 - 105. [Abstract] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Knutson, J. F. Articles by Reid, J. B. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Knutson, J. F. Articles by Reid, J. B. Social Bookmarking                   What's this?