This Article Abstract Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Ferguson, T. J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Ferguson, T. J. Social Bookmarking                   What's this?

Mapping Shame and Its Functions in Relationships

Utah State University

Articles in this issue examine how experiences of shame, together with its effects on anger, are involved in maltreatment's sequelae. Authors identify mechanisms through which these emotions result from, and adversely affect, victims' concurrent and later adjustment. Using Leary's (1999) analysis of similar paradoxes in research concerning self-esteem, this commentary pinpoints dilemmas and consequences implied in this special issue regarding shame. These include whether shame should be accentuated as the central emotional mediator or moderator in maltreatment sequelae, inferring particular attributions, regulatory goals, or consequences based on extant measures of shame and construing these as outcomes or causes in maltreatment sequelae. Questions are raised concerning the diverse functions of shame, alone and in combination with anger or guilt, the steps needed to reveal these various functions, and their implications for therapeutic interventions with survivors of abuse. Adopting this approach acknowledges that expressions of shame may sometimes help victims negotiate relational hazards and treats shame as a signal or coeffect in maltreatment sequelae.

Key Words: guilt • shame • maltreatment • regulation • attribution

References

• Alessandri, S. M., & Lewis, M. (1996). Differences in pride and shame in maltreated and nonmaltreated preschoolers. Child Development, 67, 1857-1869.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Andrews, B.,& Brewin, C. R. (1990). Attributions of blame for marital violence: Astudy of antecedents and consequences. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 757-767.[CrossRef]
• Barrett, K. C., & Campos, J. (1987). Perspectives on emotional development: II. A functionalist approach to emotions. In J. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development(2nd ed., pp. 555-578). New York: John Wiley.
• Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103, 5-33.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A. M.,& Heatherton, T. F. (1994). Guilt: An interpersonal approach. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 243-267.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Bennett, D. S., Sullivan, M. W., & Lewis, M. (2005). Young children's adjustment as a function of maltreatment, shame, and anger. Child Maltreatment, 10,311-323.[Abstract]
• Bergman, L. R., Magnusson, D.,& El-Khouri, B. M. (2003). Studying individual development in an interindividual context: A person-oriented approach(Vol. 4). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Bonanno, G. A. (2001). Emotion self-regulation. In T. J. Mayne & G. A. Bonanno (Ed.), Emotions: Current issues and future directions (pp. 251-285). New York: Guilford.
• Bonanno, G. A., Keltner, D., Noll, J. G., Putnam, F. W., Trickett, P. K., LeJeune, J., et al. (2002). When the face reveals what words do not: Facial expressions of emotion, smiling, and the willingness to disclose childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Personality& Social Psychology, 83, 94-110.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Bonanno, G. A., Noll, J. G., Putnam, F. W., O'Neil, M.,& Trickett, P. K. (2003). Predicting the willingness to disclose childhood sexual abuse from measures of repressive coping and dissociative tendencies. Child Maltreatment, 8, 302-318.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Bybee, J. (Ed.). (1998). Guilt and children. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
• Campbell, D. T., & Kenny, D. A. (1999). A primer on regression artifacts. New York: Guilford.
• Campos, J. J., Frankel, C. B., & Camras, L. (2004). On the nature of emotion regulation. Child Development, 75, 377-395.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Dagleish, T., Mathews, A., & Wood, J. (1999). Inhibition processes in cognition and emotion. In T. D. M. Power (Ed.), Handbook of cognition and emotion(pp. 243-266). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
• Deblinger, E., & Runyon, M. K. (2005). Understanding and treating feelings of shame in children who have experienced maltreatment. Child Maltreatment, 10,364-376.[Abstract]
• Dutton, D. G., Van Ginkel, C., & Starzomski, A. (1995). The role of shame and guilt in the intergenerational transmission of abusiveness. Violence and Victims, 10, 121-131.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Feiring, C., Rosenthal, S., & Taska, L. (2000). Stigmatization and the development of friendship and romantic relationships in adolescent victims of sexual abuse. Child Maltreatment, 5, 311-322.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Feiring, C., & Taska, L. S. (2005). The persistence of shame following sexual abuse: A longitudinal look at risk and recovery. Child Maltreatment, 10,337-349.[Abstract]
• Feiring, C., Taska, L., & Lewis, M. (1996). A process model for understanding adaptation to sexual abuse: The role of shame in defining stigmatization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20, 767-782.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Feiring, C., Taska, L., & Lewis, M. (1998). The role of shame and attributional style in children's and adolescents' adaptation to sexual abuse. Child Maltreatment, 3, 129-142.[Abstract]
• Ferguson, T. J., & Barrett, K. C. (2003, October). Trumping shame with anger: Felt vs. expressed emotions as predictors of youths' problem behaviors. In H. Stegge & T. J. Ferguson (Chairs), (Mal)adaptive emotional response patterns in children: Guilt, shame, anger and pride. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the International Conference on Emotions and Health, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
• Ferguson, T. J., Brugman, D., White, J., & Eyre, H. (in press). Pain with purpose or yin and yang: Shame and guilt in daily dilemmas. In J. L. Tracy, R. W. Robins, & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), The selfconscious emotions: Theory and research. New York: Guilford.
• Ferguson, T. J., & Eyre, H. L. (2000). Engendering gender differences in shame and guilt: Stereotypes, socialization, and situational pressures. In A. Fischer (Ed.), Gender and emotion(pp. 254-276). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• Ferguson, T. J., & Eyre, H. L., & Ashbaker, M. (2000). Unwanted identities: A key variable in shame-anger links and gender differences in shame. Sex Roles, 42, 133-157.
• Ferguson, T. F., Olthof, T., & Stegge, H. (1997). Temporal dynamics of guilt: Changes in the role of interpersonal and intrapsychic factors. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 659-673.[CrossRef]
• Ferguson, T. J., & Stegge, H. (1995). Emotional states and traits in children: The case of guilt and shame. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: Shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride(pp. 174-197). New York: Guilford.
• Ferguson, T. J., & Stegge, H. (1998). Measuring guilt in children: A rose by any other name still has thorns. In J. Bybee (Ed.), Guilt and children(pp. 19-74). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
• Ferguson, T. J., Stegge, H., & Damhuis, I. (1990). Guilt and shame experiences in elementary school-age children. In P. J. D. Drenth, J. A. Sergeant, & R. J. Takens (Eds.), European perspectives in psychology(Vol. 1, pp. 195-218). New York: John Wiley.
• Ferguson, T. J., Stegge, H.,& Damhuis, I. (1991). Children's understanding of guilt and shame. Child Development, 62, 827-839.
• Ferguson, T. J., Stegge, H., Eyre, H. L., Vollmer, R., & Ashbaker, M. (2000). Context effects and the (mal)adaptive nature of guilt and shame in children. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 126, 319-345.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Ferguson, T. J., Stegge, H., Miller, E. R., & Olsen, M. E. (1999). Guilt, shame, and symptoms in children. Developmental Psychology, 35(2), 347-357.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Fessler, D. M. T. (2004). Shame in two cultures: Implications for evolutionary approaches. Journal of Cognition & Culture, 4, 207-262.[CrossRef]
• Finkenauer, C., & Rime, B. (1998). Social shared emotional experiences vs. emotional experiences kept secret: Differential characteristics and consequences. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 17, 295-318.
• Flack, W. F., Jr., & Laird, J. D. (Eds.). (1998). Emotions in psychopathology: Theory and research. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
• Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• Gilbert, P. (1998). What is shame? Some core issues and controversies. In P. Gilbert& B. Andrews (Eds.), Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture(pp. 3-38). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1997). Meta-emotion: How families communicate emotionally. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Greenwald, D. F., & Harder, D. W. (1998). Domains of shame: Evolutionary, cultural, and psychotherapeutic aspects. In P. Gilbert & B. Andrews (Eds.), Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture(pp. 225-245). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. New York: Guilford.
• Izard, C. E. (1991). The psychology of emotions. New York: Plenum.
• Kagan, J. (1994). On the nature of emotion. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral considerations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 3, 238-254.
• Keltner, D., & Buswell, B. N. (1996). Evidence for the distinct form of embarrassment, shame, and guilt: A study of recalled antecedents and facial expressions of emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 10, 155-171.[CrossRef]
• Keltner, D. H., & Gross, J. J. (1999). Social functions of emotions at four levels of analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 505-521.[CrossRef]
• Keltner, D., & Harker, L. A. (1998). The forms and functions of the nonverbal signal of shame. In P. Gilbert & B. Andrews (Eds.), Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture(pp. 78-98). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
• Kowalski, R. M. (1999). Speaking the unspeakable: Self-disclosure and mental health. In R. M. Kowalski & M. R. Leary (Eds.), The social psychology of emotional and behavioral problems(pp. 225-248). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Kubany, E. S., Haynes, S. N., Abueg, F. R., & Manke, F. P. (1996). Development and validation of the Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI). Psychological Assessment, 8, 428-444.
• Leary, M. R. (1999). The social and psychological importance of self-esteem. In R. M. Kowalski& M. R. Leary (Eds.), The social psychology of emotional and behavioral problems(pp. 197-222). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. New York: International Universities Press.
• Lewis, M. (1992). Shame, the exposed self. New York: Free Press.
• Lewis, M. (1998). Shame and stigma. In P. Gilbert & B. Andrews (Eds.), Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture (pp. 126-140). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Magai, C.,& McFadden, S. H. (1995). The role of emotions in social and personality development: History, theory, and research. New York: Plenum.
• Malatesta, C. Z., & Wilson, A. (1988). Emotion cognition interaction in personality development: A discrete emotions, functionalist analysis. British Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 91-112.
• Maughan, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2002). Impact of child maltreatment and interadult violence on children's emotion regulation abilities and socioemotional development. Child Development, 73, 1525-1542.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Negrao, C., II, Bonanno, G. A., Noll, J. G., Putnam, F. W., & Trickett, P. K. (2005). Shame, humiliation, and childhood sexual abuse: Distinct contributions and emotional coherence. Child Maltreatment, 10,350-363.[Abstract]
• O'Connor, L. E., Berry, J. W., & Weiss, J. (1999). Interpersonal guilt, shame, and psychological problems. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 18, 181-203.
• Parkinson, B. (1995). Ideas and realities of emotion. New York: Routledge.
• Rosenthal, R., Rosnow, R. L., & Rubin, D. B. (2000). Contrasts and effect sizes in behavioral research. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• Saarni, C., Mumme, D. L., & Campos, J. J. (1998). Emotional development: Action, communication, and understanding. In N. Eisenberg (Vol. ed.) & W. Damon (Ed. in Chief), Handbook of child psychology. Vol. 3: Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 237-309). New York: John Wiley.
• Sabini, J., Garvey, B., & Hall, A. L. (2001). Shame and embarrassment revisited. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 104-117.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Sabini, J., Siepman, M., & Stein, J. (2001). The really fundamental attribution error in social psychological research. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 1-15.
• Sabini, J., & Silver, M. (1997). In defense of shame: Shame in the context of guilt and embarrassment. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 27, 1-15.
• Scheff, T. J. (1988). Shame and conformity: The deferenceemotion system. American Sociological Review, 53, 395-406.[CrossRef]
• Scheff, T. J. (1995). Conflict in family systems: The role of shame. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride(pp. 393-412). New York: Guilford.
• Sheppard, J. A.,& Kwavnick, K. D. (1999). Maladaptive image maintenance. In R. M. Kowalski & M. R. Leary (Eds.), The social psychology of emotional and behavioral problems. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Stuewig, J., & McCloskey, L. A. (2005). The relation of child maltreatment to shame and guilt among adolescents: Psychological routes to depression and delinquency. Child Maltreatment, 10, 324-336.[Abstract]
• Tangney, J. P. (1991). Moral affect: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 598-607.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Tangney, J. P. (1996). Conceptual and methodological issues in the assessment of shame and guilt. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(9), 741-754.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Tangney, J. P. (1998). Howdoes guilt differ from shame? In J. Bybee (Ed.), Guilt and children(pp. 1-17). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
• Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Shame and guilt. New York: Guilford.
• Tangney, J. P., & Fischer, K. W. (Eds.). (1995). Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride. New York: Guilford.
• Tangney, J. P., Mashek, D., & Stuewig, J. (2005). Shame, guilt, and embarrassment: Will the real emotion please stand up? Psychological Inquiry, 16, 44-48.
• Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., Fletcher, C., & Gramzow, R. (1992). Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 669-675.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P. E., Hill-Barlow, D., Marschall, D. E., & Gramzow, R. (1996). Relation of shame and guilt to constructive versus destructive responses to anger across the lifespan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 797-809.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Tomkins, S. S. (1963). Affect, imagery, consciousness, Vol. II: The negative affects. New York: Springer.
• Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2004). Putting the self into selfconscious emotions: A theoretical model. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 103-126.[CrossRef]
• Wegner, D. M., & Wenzlaff, R. M. (1996). Mental control. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles(pp. 166-194). New York: Guilford.
• Weiner, B. (1995). Judgments of responsibility: A foundation for a theory of social conduct. New York: Guilford.

CiteULike

Connotea

Del.icio.us

Digg

Reddit

Technorati

This article has been cited by other articles:

				C. Feiring Emotional Development, Shame, and Adaptation to Child Maltreatment Child Maltreat, November 1, 2005; 10(4): 307 - 310. [PDF]

This Article Abstract Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Ferguson, T. J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Ferguson, T. J. Social Bookmarking                   What's this?